Gravitons are a hypothesis
Not anymore.
Gravitons = preons = dextrorotatory subquarks
Antigravitons = laevorotatory subquarks = tachyons
‘Science’ magazine in February 1996 reported – American researchers have said, they found that collisions between quarks in a particle accelerator were unexpectedly violent. William Carithers, of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, in Batavia, Illinois, told ‘Science’: “This is just the sort of effect you would see if quarks were not fundamental particles, but had some sort of internal structure.”
Chris Hill, theorist at Fermilab, indicated the view in “New Scientist” | 11 May 1996 | page 29 | “It would suggest that whatever lies inside the quarks is incredibly tightly bound, in a way that theory can’t yet accommodate.” On the 1st March 1997 – in an article in ‘New Scientist’ on page 14 – results from DESY, the German Electron Synchrotron pointed to the existence of what is described as a “leptoquark”. Robin Marshall of the University of Manchester, who was involved in the work, said “The leptoquark is a bizarre object that we don’t understand completely”. Researchers said this “could mean that quarks and leptons are not fundamental particles after all, but are made up of even smaller particles”.
https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.55.R2521
Has the substructure of quarks been found by the Collider Detector at Fermilab?
Keiichi Akama and Hidezumi Terazawa
Phys. Rev. D 55, R2521(R) – Published 1 March 1997
https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/9608279.pdf
http://web.ihep.su/library/pubs/tconf99/ps/teraz.pdf
https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/9608279.pdf
You have to explain the significant excess of jet transverse energies which indicate the quark substructure.
One of the authors (H.T.) also wishes to thank Professor Stanley J. Brodsky and all the other staff members, especially Professors James D. Bjorken and Michael Peskin, of Theoretical Physics Group at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University not only for their useful discussions on the substructure of quarks but also for their warm hospitalities extended to him during his visit in July, 1996 when this work was completed.
Imagine this: the best quantum physicists in the world, at Stanford and at Fermilab, already have a clear idea of the substructure of quarks.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 (discovery of preons, fractional charges of electrons)
PREONS ARE SUBQUARKS!
https://books.google.ro/books?id=Q8...wQAQ#v=onepage&q=preons are subquarks&f=false
https://books.google.ro/books?id=Yf...kQAQ#v=onepage&q=preons are subquarks&f=false
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/preons-and-subquarks.945976/
From 1979:
Subquark Model of Leptons and Quarks
https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/11/554/11554108.pdf
page 2: preons or subquarks
Splitting the electron, by B. Daviss, New Scientist, 31 January 1998, p. 36.
Fractionally charged quasiparticles signal their presence with noise, by G. P. Collins, Physics Today, November 1997, p. 17.
"In 1995, the fractional charge of Laughlin quasiparticles was measured directly in a quantum antidot electrometer at Stony Brook University, New York.
In 1997, two groups of physicists at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, and at the Commissariat à l’énergie atomique laboratory near Paris, detected such quasiparticles carrying an electric current, through measuring quantum shot noise."
J. Martin; S. Ilani; B. Verdene; J. Smet; V. Umansky; D. Mahalu; D. Schuh; G. Abstreiter; A. Yacoby (2004). “Localization of Fractionally Charged Quasi Particles”.
Now, the proof from mathematics, that gravitons/antigravitons (subquarks) must exist, using knot theory:
https://cds.cern.ch/record/223258/files/9202054.pdf
Gravitons and Loops
Abhay Ashtekar, Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin
The “reality conditions” are realized by an inner product that is chiral asymmetric, resulting in a chiral asymmetric ordering for the Hamiltonian, and, in an asymmetric description of the left and right handed gravitons.
The first step towards this goal is to recast the Fock description of graviton also in terms of closed loops.
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1010.3552.pdf
Chiral vacuum fluctuations in quantum gravity
Is made up of the right handed positive frequency of the graviton and the left handed negative frequency of the anti-graviton.
https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/13/643/13643701.pdf
Subquarks-Possibly the Most Fundamental Form of Matter
A model of “subquark pregeometry” in which the graviton is also a composite of a subquark-antisubquark pair: Einstein’s gravity is a quantum effect of matter.
Everything is made of subquarks and every force is due to them.
https://academic.oup.com/ptp/article/64/4/1494/1924776
Magnetic Moments of Composite Leptons and Quarks in a Dynamical Subquark Model
J. Martin; S. Ilani; B. Verdene; J. Smet; V. Umansky; D. Mahalu; D. Schuh; G. Abstreiter; A. Yacoby (2004). “Localization of Fractionally Charged Quasi Particles”.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15310895/
An outstanding question pertaining to the microscopic properties of the fractional quantum Hall effect is understanding the nature of the particles that participate in the localization but that do not contribute to electronic transport. By using a scanning single electron transistor, we imaged the individual localized states in the fractional quantum Hall regime and determined the charge of the localizing particles. Highlighting the symmetry between filling factors 1/3 and 2/3, our measurements show that quasi-particles with fractional charge e* = e/3 localize in space to submicrometer dimensions, where e is the electron charge.
http://yacoby.physics.harvard.edu/P...Fractionally Charged Quasi Particles_2004.pdf
Our results constitute direct evidence that quasi-particles with charge e/3 localize at
1/3 and 2/3. Moreover, our results highlight the symmetry between filling factors 1/3 and 2/3, indicating directly that at 2/3 the quasiparticle charge is e/3.
One can clearly see that the step height in the fractional regime is only about 1/3
of the step height in the integer regime, confirming the localization of quasi-particles with e* e/3 for both 1/3 and 2/3.
“Quasiparticle, in physics, a disturbance, in a medium, that behaves as a particle and that may conveniently be regarded as one. ”
“This “electron with a different mass” is called an “electron quasiparticle”.”
It is much easier to access the preons in an electron, than it would be to try the same thing using quarks (protons).
I was able to retrieve the ORIGINAL PAPER PUBLISHED BY FERMILAB IN 1996!
https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ex/9601008.pdf
No single experimental source of systematic uncertainty can account for the high-ET excess.
The presence of quark substructure could appear as an enhancement of the cross section at high ET .
Above 200 GeV, the jet cross section is significantly higher than the NLO predictions. The data over the full ET range are very precise. They provide powerful constraints on QCD, and demand a reevaluation of theoretical predictions and uncertainties within and beyond the Standard Model.
https://lss.fnal.gov/archive/2018/conf/fermilab-conf-18-587-cms.pdf
From Fermilab no less!
Tachyons as Dark Energy Quanta
An electrically-charged tachyon would emit Cherenkov radiation in a vacuum, lose energy and speed up. A tachyon with any value of Γ could be produced with negligible energy, eithersingly in multiparticle production or in pairs if needed to conserve momentum. Any tachyon with weak charge, with any coupling to the Z and/or W-bosons, would be pair-produced e.g. at LEP, spoiling its many precision tests of the Standard Model.
One of the greatest quantum physicists in the world, Dr. Robert Ehrlich, has published several papers on the discovery of tachyons.
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.00488.pdf
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1408.2804.pdf
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.09897.pdf
Dr. Robert Ehrlich
Emeritus Physics professor at George Mason University
Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University in 1964 under then future Nobel Laureate Jack Steinberger
Contrary to the belief held by most physicists, a considerable amount of evidence has, in fact, been amassed prior to the KATRIN experiment that one of the neutrinos is a tachyon.
Dr. Robert Ehrlich, PhD Columbia University, worked on the Nobel prize winning experiment “two neutrino” experiment:
https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/illpres/hunt.html
KK particle is a tachyon.
https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0607246.pdf
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1998/press-release/
13 October 1998
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to
Professor Robert B. Laughlin, Stanford University, California, USA,
Professor Horst L. Störmer, Columbia University, New York and Lucent Technologies’ Bell Labs, New Jersey, USA, and
Professor Daniel C. Tsui, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
The three researchers are being awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering that electrons acting together in strong magnetic fields can form new types of “particles”, with charges that are fractions of electron charges.
Preon-quarkel structure of the electrons:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quarter-electrons-may-enable-quantum-computer
Every science student is taught that the indivisible unit of charge is that of the electron. But 2 years ago, scientists found that charge sometimes shatters into “quasi-particles” that have one-third the fundamental charge. And in this week’s issue of Nature, researchers announce they have spotted one-fifth-charge quasi-particles–a decisive finding suggesting that its time to change any physics textbooks still claiming that electron charge is indivisible.
https://web.archive.org/web/20130621182913/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/1999/05/19-01.html
More references on preons/particles with fractional charges.
http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/~ostroveo/COURSES/ph673/Notes/FractionalCharge.pdf
The fractional QHE describes the plateaus where 4is a fraction, the most prominent
occuring at v = 1/3
Tsui, Stormer and Gossard, 1982
Understanding the FQHE requires a radically-new theory. You end up with
fractionally-charged quasiparticles which have been observed!
Quasiparticles have charge v 1/3!!
The fractional charge of the quasiparticle has been checked directly by several clever
experiments.
Goldman and Su, 1995; Saminadayar et al, 1997; de Picciotto et al, 1997
https://phys.org/news/2014-12-electrons-evidence-exotic-behaviors.html
How electrons split: New evidence of exotic behaviors
https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys3172
Our results establish the existence of fractional quasiparticles in the high-energy spectrum of a quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electron-splits-into-quasiparticles/
In 1996, physicists split an electron into a holon and spinon. Now, van den Brink and his colleagues have broken an electron into an orbiton and a spinon, as reported in Nature today.
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15721195-400-splitting-the-electron/
But that pillar seems to be crumbling. Scientists have pushed open a window onto an unexpected world of quantum strangeness in which the electron’s “indivisible” unit of charge can be carved up to make particles carrying one-third or one-fifth of a unit, or even fractions far smaller.
Gertsenshtein-Zeldovich effect
The transformation of an electromagnetic wave into a gravitational wave when the electromagnetic wave propagates through a constant transverse magnetic field.
Inverse GZ effect: the birth of an electromagnetic field under the action of metric perturbation (equivalent of GW action) in the strong magnetic field.
The generated EM wave is a second-order effect (proportional to the square of the amplitude of the GW).
Wave resonance of light and gravitational waves
http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_014_01_0084.pdf
Electromagnetic and gravitational waves in a stationary magnetic field
http://jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_038_04_0652.pdf
Gravitational Hertz experiment with electromagnetic radiation in a strong magnetic field
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1504/1504.06548.pdf
“Since it has definite energy, the gravitational wave is itself is the source of some additional gravitational field (static g-field). Like the energy producing it, this field is a second-order effect in the h(ik). But in the case of high-frequency gravitational waves the effect is significantly strengthened: the fact that the pseudotensor t^(ik) is quadratic in the derivatives of the hik introduces the large factor λ^(-2). In such a case we may say that the wave itself produces the background field (static g-field) on which it propagates. This [static g] field is conveniently treated by carrying out the averaging described above over regions of four-space with dimensions large compared to λ. Such an averaging smooths out the short-wave “ripple” and leaves the slowly varying background metric (static g-field).”
Landau, L. D. and Lifshitz, E. M. (1975), The Classical Theory of Fields
Field Equations in the Complex Quaternion Spaces
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.06182.pdf
Light passing through a strong magnetic field will produce a gravitational wave via wave resonance.
"EM photons having the same frequency and direction as the GWs and suitable phase matching as the GWs, interact directly with GWs in a magnetic field and produce “detection” EM photons that signal the presence of relic HFGWs (high frequency gravitational waves).
The number of EM photons is proportional to the amplitude of the relic HFGWs, A ≈ 10-30, not the square, so that it would be necessary to accumulate such EM photons for only about 1000 seconds in order to achieve relic HFGW detection.
It utilizes a synchro-resonance EM beam to create a very significant EM signal that propagates not in the direction of the synchro-resonance EM beam and the GW proportional to the amplitude of the GW squared, but perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the GW/EM beam directions.
It is a first-order perturbative photon flux (PPF), proportional to A, not A2."
Perturbative Photon Fluxes Generated by High-Frequency Gravitational Waves and Their Physical Effects
http://www.drrobertbaker.com/docs/Li-Baker 6-22-08.pdf (it includes the peer review data)
Signal Photon Flux and Background Noise in a Coupling Electromagnetic Detecting System for High Frequency Gravitational Waves
http://www.gravwave.com/docs/Li, et al. PRD 09-9-09 .pdf
A New Theoretical Technique for the Measurement of High-Frequency Relic Gravitational Waves
https://www.researchgate.net/public...t_of_High-Frequency_Relic_Gravitational_Waves
http://www.gravwave.com/docs/J. of Mod. Phys 2011.pdf
Searching for high-frequency gravitational waves by ground high field magnetic resonant sweepings
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.06251.pdf
Ultra-High-Intensity Lasers for Gravitational Wave Generation and Detection
http://www.drrobertbaker.com/docs/AIP; HFGW Laser Generator.pdf
Why LIGO can’t detect HFGWs
http://www.gravwave.com/docs/Why LIGO can't detect HFGWs.pdf
Tesla used gravitational waves (telluric waves) to send signals/information without any cables/wires ("true wireless").
The Value Estimation of an HFGW Frequency Time Standard for Telecommunications Network Optimization
http://www.gravwave.com/docs/AIP; HFGW Telecommunications.pdf
The Utilization of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves for Global Communications
http://www.iiisci.org/Journal/CV$/sci/pdfs/HDM219WH.pdf
High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Induced Nuclear Fusion
http://www.gravwave.com/docs/AIP; HFGW Nuclear Fusion.pdf
http://www.gravwave.com/index_2.html
http://www.gravwave.com/chi_joint_project.htm
GASER: Gravitational-wave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
https://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0410/0410022.pdf
The Gertsenshtein-Zel'dovich effect can be used to create electron-positron pairs torsion fields (dextrorotatory subquarks-laevorotatory subquarks) out of the ether wave lattice. This torsion field will then act as a shield against the normal flow/propagation of ether waves (gravitational and electromagnetic), forming an invisible ball lightning sphere around the spacecraft.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US10144532B2/en
Craft using an inertial mass reduction device
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180229864A1/en
High Frequency Gravitational Wave Generator
Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais
Naval Air War Center Aircraft Division
Both patents are very well written and documented (rivalising with the best patents published by N. Tesla or by T. Townsend Brown).
https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJSPACESE.2015.075910
https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2017-01-2040/
http://www.drrobertbaker.com/docs/Aerospace HFGW Applications.pdf
http://vixra.org/pdf/1311.0132v3.pdf (Gravitational Wave Generator via Tokamak Physics)
[PDF] Gravitational Wave (GW) Radiation Pattern at the Focus of a High-Frequency GW (HFGW) Generator and Aerospace Applications | Semantic Scholar (Gravitational Wave (GW) Radiation Pattern at the Focus of a High-Frequency GW (HFGW) Generator and Aerospace Applications)
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.02443.pdf (HFGW/laser plasma interaction)
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.6148.pdf (Electromagnetic and gravitational radiation from the coherent oscillation of electron-positron pairs and fields)
The nuclear fusion tokamak uses a similar design to create/produce electron-positron pairs from the ether wave structure which permeates all of space.
"The patent application for a “Plasma Compression Fusion Device” was just published on September 26 after being lodged on behalf of the Secretary of the Navy back on March 22, 2019. The inventor is Dr. Salvator Pais, who works at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division and has previously lodged other patents on behalf of the Navy:"
(Craft using an inertial mass reduction device)
(High Frequency Gravitational Wave Generator)
At present there are few envisioned fusion reactors/devices that come in a small, compact package (ranging from 0.3 to 2 meters in diameter) and typically they use different versions of plasma magnetic confinement. Three such devices are the Lockheed Martin (LM) Skunk Works Compact Fusion Reactor (LM-CFR), the EMC2 Polywell fusion concept, and the Princeton Field-Reversed Configuration (PFRC) machine. These devices feature short plasma confinement times, possible plasma instabilities with the scaling of size, and it is questionable whether they have the ability of achieving the break-even fusion condition, let alone a self-sustained plasma burn leading to ignition.
The plasma compression fusion device utilizes controlled motion of electrically charged matter via accelerated vibration and/or accelerated spin subjected to smooth yet rapid acceleration-deceleration-acceleration transients, in order to generate extremely high energy/high intensity electromagnetic fields. These fields not only confine the plasma core but also greatly compress it (by inducing a high energy negative potential well) so as to produce a high power density plasma burn, leading to ignition."
Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais
Naval Air War Center Aircraft Division
https://patents.google.com/patent/U...r=Salvatore+Pais&oq=inventor:(Salvatore+Pais)
"It is claimed in the patent application that this plasma compression fusion device is capable of producing power in the gigawatt (1 billion watts) to terawatt (1 trillion watts) range and above with input power only in the kilowatt (1,000 watts) to megawatt (1,000,000 watts) range."
In a significant breakthrough, Dr. Salvatore Pais' paper on double torsion technology applied to portable fusion devices has been published by a major and prestigious mainstream scientific journal.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8871349
The Plasma Compression Fusion Device—Enabling Nuclear Fusion Ignition
Publisher: IEEE
November 2019 (Vol 47, Issue 11), IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
The plasma compression fusion device (PCFD) generates the energy gain by plasma compression-induced nuclear fusion. This concept has the capability of maximizing the product of plasma pressure and energy confinement time to maximize the energy gain, and thus give rise to fusion ignition conditions. The preferred embodiment of this original concept uses a hollow cross-duct configuration of circular cross section in which the concentrated magnetic energy flux from two pairs of opposing curved-headed counter-spinning conical structures (possibly made from an alloy of tungsten with high capacitance) whose outer surfaces are electrically charged compresses a gaseous mixture of fusion fuel into a plasma, heated to extreme temperatures and pressures.
The PCFD concept can produce power in the gigawatt to terawatt range (and higher) with input power in the kilowatt to megawatt range.
Dr. Pais' other major paper was also published in a mainstream scientific journal:
https://www.scribd.com/document/408469834/High-Frequency-Gravitational-Waves-Induced-Propulsion2017
https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/2017-01-2040